| Bendix Corp./Allied Automotive St. Joseph, MI |
Cometabolic treatment | Ground water | TCE, DCE, DCA,VOCs | CERCLA Lead Predesign - anaerobic cycle to treat TCE | |||
| DOE
Classified Burial Ground, Oak Ridge K-25 Site Rashalee Levine, U.S. DOE (301) 903-7920 |
Co-metabolic Treatment | Ground water, Seep | TCE, Organics | Two different reactors where micro- organisms were grown to form biofilms over the surfaces within the packed-bed. Methano- trophic and pseudomonas micro- organisms used. | Ex-situ bioreactors. | Generation of chloride ions. | may also have some effectiveness in treating fuels and pesticides. Also, treatability is highly dependent upon the biodegrada- bility of the contaminants. 1994 |
| Naval
Communi- cation Station, Scotland 2/85
to 10/85 Deh Bin Chan |
Bioremediation In situ soil, in situ ground water |
Soil, ground water Soil quantity approxi- mately 800 m˛ in area, depth unknown |
TPH (No. 2 diesel fuel) | Micro- organisms function best between 20 °C and 35 °C. | Runoff water collected in a trench | None | The contaminated area had considerable slope, and the contaminated soil was a thin layer over a relatively impermeable rock substrate. |
| DOE
Demo Savannah River Site, SC Nate
Ellis |
Aerobic Biodegradation | Ground water | TCE, PCE @ 1,000 ppb; 90% removal efficiency | Aquifers must be homogenous | Methano- trophic fluidized bed or trickle filter bioreactor | <1 lb/day produced | Water high in copper may inhibit the process - Cost about $0.50/gallon. |
| EPA
Demo Williams AFB, AZ Completed in 1992 Kim Lisa Kreiton |
Augmented subsurface bioremediation | Soil & water | Hydrocarbons (halogenated and nonhalogenated) | In situ | Insertion of micro- aerophilic bacteria and nutrients. Hardy bacteria can treat contaminants over a wide temperature range. | Only degradation products are CO2 & H2O | Failed to meet cleanup standards for BTEX. |
| DOE
Savannah River Site, SC Terry C.
Hazen |
Biodegradation | Soil & ground water | TCE, PCE declined to <2 ppb | In situ | Injection of 1-4% methane/air into aquifer | None | High copper
concentration can inhibit the process. $150K cap |
| DOE
Demo Hanford Site, WA Thomas M. Brouns |
Biological treatment | Ground water | Nitrate reduced by 99% from 400 ppm. CCl4 reduced by 93% from 200 ppb | In situ | Provides ultimate destruction of contaminant | No spent activated carbon need be disposed | Requires half the time for remediation, very cost-effective. |
| NAS Fallon, NV 1992 U.S. Navy, Public Works Department (702) 426-2772 |
Bioventing | Ground water | Hydrocarbons | Airfield | |||
| Air
Force & DOE Demo Tinker AFB, OK 1989 Alison Thomas |
In situ & above-ground biological treatment of trichloro- ethylene | Ground water | 80% destruction of TCE | In situ or in a bioreactor | Bioreactor design uses methane degrading bacteria to cometabolize TCE | TCE destroyed | Alternative system using altered micro- organisms is being tested at Hauscomb AFB, MA. |
| Air
Force Demo Eglin, AFB, FL 1/94-10/94 Alison Thomas |
In situ anaerobic biodegradation | Ground water | Jet fuel (toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene) | In situ; nitrate is added to serve as electron acceptor | Benzene is recalcitrant under strict anaerobic conditions | Cost $160- $230/gallon fuel removed. | |
| Air
Force Demo Kelly AFB, TX & Eglin AFB, FL Catherine
M. Vogel |
In situ biodegradation | Soil & ground water | Hydrocarbons - fuels, fuel oils, & nonhalogenated solvents | In situ | Nutrients introduced into aquifer through irrigation wells - some precipitation problems occurred | Site characteri- zation necessary to determine soil/chemical compatibility. | |
| DOI
Demo Picatinny Arsenal, NJ Thomas E.
Imbrigiotta |
In situ biodegradation | Ground water | 82% removal of vapor-phase TCE after 8 days | In situ - Vapor stream is amended with oxygen and methane, propane, or natural gas | Venting unsaturated soil or sparging contaminated well near source | TCE is anaerobically broken down into DCE then VC and finally to ethylene, which will breakdown and volatilize | Use of surfactants to enhance desorption from aquifer sediments is being studied. |
| DOI
Demo Defense Fuel Supply Point, SC Late summer 1993 Dr. Don A. Vroblesky |
In situ enhanced bioremediation | Ground water | Jet fuel | In situ | Uncontami- nated groundwater is amended with nutrients and pumped into a series of infiltration galleries | Ground water extracted and discharged to treatment facility | Microbes that degrade contamination occur naturally in contaminated groundwater. |
| DOE
Tech Demo (USGS) Galloway Township, NJ 1988 Herbert T. Buxton |
In situ vapor extraction and bioventing design | Soil & ground water | Gasoline | AIRFLOW - an adaption of the USGS groundwater flow simulator | MODFLOW to perform airflow simulations | ||
| Stalworth
Timber Beatrice, AL Jason Darby |
In situ enhanced bioremediation | Ground water | In situ | Addition of O2 potassium nitrate, potassium phosphate, and molasses | |||
| Park
City Park City, KS John Wilson |
In situ enhanced bioremediation | Ground water | Petro,
benzene Benzene treated to 5 ppb |
In situ | Ammonium chloride and nitrate addition | $650K expected total | |
| Mayville
Fire Department Mayville, MI Jon
Mayes |
In situ enhanced bioremediation | Ground water | BTEX (1/800/70/300 ppb) | In situ | Treatment with indigenous organisms | ||
| Dover
AFB Dover, DE Milton Beck |
In situ
enhanced bioremediation Oxygen enhancement with Air Sparging and Bioventing |
Ground water (230,000 m3) | PAHs, TCE metals, solvents | In situ | Total full scale $1.2M | ||
| French
Limited Crosby, TX Judith Black |
In situ
enhanced bioremediation CERCLA Lead air sparge, O2, and nutrient addition |
Ground water | PCB, As, and
petroleum Treated to MCLs |
In situ | Total $90M | ||
| Knispel
Construction Site Horseheads, NJ Frank Peduto |
In situ enhanced bioremediation UST Lead - H2O2 and nutrient addition | Ground water | Petroleum
hydrocarbons treated to 5 ppb |
In situ | O&M $250K | ||
| Orkin
Facility Fort Pierce, FL Joe Malinowski |
In situ enhanced bioremediation H2O2 and nutrient addition | Ground water | Chlordane and heptachlor | In situ | TSCA Lead | ||
| Farfield
Coal & Gas Farfield, IA Steve Jones |
In situ enhanced bioremediation H2O2 and nitrate injection | Ground water | Coal tar
BTEX, PAHs Treated to 1 ppb benzene, 200 ppt cPAHs |
In situ | Total $1.6M | ||
| Natural
Gas Pipeline Compressor Station, VA
1998 Robert Legrand 512-454-4797 |
In situ enhanced bioremediation | Ground water | TCE, PCE | In situ | “Full-Scale In Situ Cometabolic Bioremediation at a Pipeline Site,” Engineered Approaches for In Situ Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvent Contam-ination. 1999 (p 113-119) | ||
| Watertown,
MA
1998 Maureen A. Dooley Wakefield, MA 781-245-6606 Stephen S. Koenigsberg 949-366-8000
|
In situ
enhanced bioremediation
Harding Lawson Assoc. Regenesis San Juan Capistrano, CA |
Ground water | TCE, PCE | In situ | “Passively Enhanced In Situ Biodegradation of Chlorinated Solvents,” Engineered Approaches for In Situ Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvent Contamination. 1999 (p 121-127) | ||
| Manufacturing
Facility/ Superfund Site 1998 James J. Reid 614-764-2310 |
In situ
enhanced bioremediation
ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller Dublin, OH |
Ground water | TCE, PCE, cis-1,2-DCE | In situ | “Pilot Study for Enhanced Biodegradation of Chlorinated VOCs,” Engineered Approaches for In Situ Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvent Contam-ination. 1999 (p 135-140) | ||
| Columbia
County Landfill, GA 1997 James Ullery 706-722-3490 |
Biodegradation
Southeastern Technology Center (STC) |
Ground water | Organics & Metals | In situ | “Southeastern Technology Center Tests Aerobic System...” Tech Trends, July 1997 | ||
| DOE
K-25 Site 1994 U.S. Department of Energy (301) 903-7920 |
Biodegradation | Ground water | TCE, Organics | Demons- tration of Cometabolic Techniques | |||
| Libby
Ground Water Superfund Site 1995 National Risk Management Research Laboratory (513) 569-7949 |
Biodegradation | Ground water | PAHs, PCP | Wood Preserving Facilities | |||
| Public
Service Company of Colorado, CO 1992 U.S. EPA Region 8 |
Bioremediation | Ground water | BTEX | Electric Utility Site | |||
| Kennedy
Space Center, FL Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (510)423-3118 |
Bioremediation | Ground water | TCE | ||||
| CSX
McCormick Derailment Site, SC Steve Spurlin (404) 347-3931 |
Enhanced Biodegradation - Anaerobic biodegradation | Ground water | BTEX | Solubilization of nitrate. | In situ circulation. | Residual wastewater sent off-site for treatment. | Derailment, 130K gallon spill. Depth of treatment approxi- mately 2-12 ft. Operational; projected completion summer 1997. |
| Automotive
St. Joseph, MI Bendix Corp./Allied |
Enhanced Biodegradation - Anaerobic biodegradation | Ground water | TCE, DCE, DCA, VC | CERCLA Lead Predesign - anaerobic cycle to treat TCE. Nitrate serves as electron acceptor. | Solubilized nitrate is circulated throughout groundwater contami- nation zones to provide electron acceptors for biological activity and enhance the rate of degradation of organic contaminants. | In situ biodegradation. | A mixed oxygen/ nitrate system would prove advantageous in that the addition of nitrate would supplement the demand for oxygen rather than replace it, allowing for benzene to be biodegraded under micro- aerophilic conditions. |
| Park
City Site, Park City, KS John Wilson (405) 332-8800 |
Enhanced Biodegradation - Anaerobic biodegradation | Ground water | Petro, Benzene | Nitrate and ammonium chloride are circulated throughout the contamination zones. | Solubilization of nitrate and ammonium chloride. | In situ biodegradation. | Benzene - 5 ppb. Expected cost - $650K. 1992 |
| Burlington Northern, Somers Plant, MT Jim Harris (406) 449-5720 |
Enhanced Biodegradation - in situ addition of nutrients and oxygen | Ground water | Phenols, Creosote | In situ addition | Intrinsic biodegradation | Wood Preserving. Operational since May 1994; completion date unknown | |
| U.S. AEC site: Fort Wainwright, Alaska Michael Lilly (mrlilly@ usgs.gov) |
Natural Attenuation | Active groundwater/ surface water system | Chlorinated hydrocarbons | Regular sampling and sample analysis. | In situ contamination degradation | Still under investigation; results will be published. Site remains active. | |
| Columbus
AFB, MS Tom deVenoge, USAF |
Natural Attenuation | Ground water | Hydrocarbons | In situ | Controlled releases of various hydrocarbons were extensively monitored and modeled over time | ||
| Aberdeen, MD | Organic Pumps, Phyto- volatilization, Rhizofiltration | Ground water | Trichloro-
ethylene, Trichloroethane |
Plants used: Poplar Trees | |||
| Ogden, UT | Phyto- extraction | Ground water, Soil | Petroleum Hydrocarbons | Plants used: Alfalfa, Poplar Juniper, Fescue | |||
| Calhoun Park Area (Operable Unit 1) | Phyto- remediation | Ground water | Benzene Toluene Ethylbenzene Xylene |
Hybrid Poplar Tress | Operational | ||
| Tibbetts Road | Phyto- remediation | Groundwater | Trichloroethene | Poplar Trees | Pre-design | ||
| Naval Undersea Warfare Station (4 Areas, Operable Unit 1) | Phyto- remediation | Groundwater | 1,1,1-Trichloroethane | Poplar Trees | Operational | ||
| Aberdeen Pesticide Dumps (Operable Unit 5) | Phyto- remediation | Groundwater | Benzenehexachloride
(NR) Dieldrin (NR) Hexachlorohexane (NR) |
Hybrid Poplar Trees | Pre-design | ||
| U.S Air Force Facility, Fort Worth, TX Steve Rock (513) 569-7149 |
Phyto- remediation | Ground water | Trichloro- ethylene (TCE) | Eastern cottonwood trees. Depth to ground water is 6 to 10 feet | Evaluating difference between planting seedlings (whips) and older trees (1 to 1-inch caliper). Rows planted perpendicular to plume. Up gradient controls and 20 monitoring wells up- and down-gradient have been installed. | Older trees cost substantially more, but may send their roots to the water table more quickly | |
| Milan
Army Ammunition Plant, TN Darlene Bader, U.S. Army Environmental Center, (410) 612-6861 |
Phyto- remediation | Ground water | Explosives (TNT, RDX, HMX, DNT) | Constructed wetlands | Phase I started 1995 | Plants used: Duckweed, Parrot Feather | |
| DOE,
Bear Creek, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN Manufacturing Technology Information Service |
Phyto-
remediation Phytotech, SAIC |
Ground water | Uranium | Sunflower plants | Grown hydro- ponically in small greenhouse |
Sources: Innovative Treatment Technologies: Annual Status Report ( Eighth and Tenth Editions, Nov. 1996 and Feb. 2001). Innovative Remediation Technologies: Field-Scale Demonstration Projects in North America (1st and 2nd Editions, Aug 1996 and Jun 2000).