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| Army
Demo, U.S. Army Waterways
Experiment Station, Baton Rouge Louisiana Robert Marks, General Manager |
Electro-Klean
Electrical
Separation Electrokinetics , Inc. |
Soil | Lead | In situ | Conditioning fluids may be added or circulated at the electrodes to enhance the electro- chemistry of the process | Contaminants are electroplated on the electrodes or separated in a post- treatment unit | |
| An
Underground Storage Tank Spill Walter
Loo |
Electrokinetic Enhancement with Bioventing/ Environment & Technology Services | Soil | BTEX | Direct current was applied through 56 electrodes installed in the upper clay layer of this 2,400 square foot gasoline contaminated site to move contaminants and water down 15 feet into dense cemented conglomerate sandstone | In situ | Contaminants were removed from the dense cemented conglomerate sandstone by bioventing | Bioventing, enhanced by electro- kinetics, reportedly reduced gasoline levels of 100-2,200 ppm to well below the target of 100 ppm after about 90 days at a cost of about $50/ton |
| DOE
Demo, Oak Ridge K-25 facility, Tennessee Henry L. Lomasney |
Electrokinetic Extraction/ Isotron Corporation | Soil | Uranium and Organic Contaminants | In situ | |||
| DOE
Demo, Sandia National Laboratories Chemical Waste Landfill Eric R. Lindgren Sandia National Laboratory |
ElectroKinetic Extraction/ Sandia National Laboratories and Sat-Unsat, Inc. | Soil | Chromium | Soluble chromium concen- trations range from 25 to 10,000 ppm with the upper limit at 15 feet below ground surface | In situ | Contaminants arriving at the electrodes will be removed using a vacuum system | |
| EPA/DOE
Demo, DOE Gaseous Diffusion Plant, Paducah, Kentucky Sa Ho or |
Electrokinetic Separation with Hydraulic Fracturing | Soil (Clay) | TCE | In situ | Highly permeable subsurface sorption zones will be created in a vertical configuration by hydraulic fracturing or similar technology followed by the introduction of certain sorbents | ||
| DOE Demo, Old TNX Basin,
Savanah River Site, South Carolina Henry L. Lomasney |
ElectroKinetic Separation/ Isotron Corporation | Unsaturated Soil | Mercury, Lead, Chrome | In situ | An Electrosorb® process is used with a patented cylinder to control buffering conditions in situ and an ion exchange polymer matrix called Isolock® to trap metal ions | Preliminary results indicate that at the 5 ppm mercury concen- trations found at the site and other conditions, mercury will be difficult to remediate. However, the process is showing good results on lead and chrome. | |
| Naval
Facility Pearl Harbor, HI 1999 Stephen R. Clark 510-704-2940 EPA NRMRL Thomas Holdsworth 513-569-7675 |
Electrokinetics Geokinetics
|
Soil | Fuel Oil | In situ | In situ | Electrokinetic Heating [An EPA SITE Program document will be produced.] | |
| Naval
Facility Pearl Harbor, HI 1999 Stephen R. Clark 510-704-2940 EPA NRMRL Jack Hubbard 513-569-7507 |
Electrokinetics Geokinetics |
Soil | Heavy Metals | In situ | In situ | Electrokinetics [An EPA SITE Program document will be produced.] | |
| Kennedy
Space Flight Center, Cape Canaveral, FL 1998 Tom Rogers 409-693-0017 |
Electrokinetics Lynntech, Inc. College Station, TX |
Soil | Chlorinated Solvents | In situ | In situ | Resource Guide for Electrokinetics Laboratory & Field Processes Applicable to Radioactive & Hazardous Mixed Wastes in Soil & Groundwater... EPA 402-R-97-006 (p 59) | |
| U.S. Army,firing range, LA Yalcin Acar, Electrokinetics Inc. Louisiana State University |
Electrokinetics | Soil | Beginning
Levels: Lead 4,500 mg/kg Levels attained: 300 mg/kg in 30 weeks |
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| X-231A
Site, Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant, OH 1998 513-556-2526 ORNL/Colorado School of Mines R.L. Siegrist rsiegris@mines.edu |
Fracturing L.D. Murdoch FRx, Inc. Cincinnati, OH |
Soil | In situ | In situ | X-231A: A Demonstration of In-Situ Remediation of DNAPL Compounds in Low Permeability Media by Soil Fracturing with Thermally Enhanced Mass Recovery or Reactive Barrier Destruction: Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids ORNL/TM-13534 | ||
| EPA
Demo NJDEPE- ECRA Site, NJ 1992 Uwe Frank |
Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction & Hot Gas Injection (HGI) | Soil & rock | VOCs, SVOCs | In situ - hot gas @ 200 °F | Injection of compressed gas to fracture soil, HGI to strip contaminants | Off-gas flow rate increased, concentration remained constant | HGI results inconclusive, PCE increased air flow rate 600%. |
| Robert
Gray Army Airfield, Fort Hood, TX 1997 Kathy Balshaw-Biddle Fax: 713-285-5948 |
Hydraulic
fracturing Fluor Daniel GTI Irvine, CA Jay Dablow Rice University, Houston, TX AATDF |
Soil | SVOCs, JP-8 Jet Fuel | In situ | In situ | Remediation of Tight Soils: Hydraulic Fracture, Steam & Electro-Heating AATDF TR-98-12 & TR-98-14 | |
| EPA
Demo Oak Brook, IL & Dayton, OH 1991 Naomi Barkley |
Hydraulic fracturing and bioremediation | Soil | Rate of bioremediation increased 75% for BTEX, 77% for TPH | In situ | Water infiltration into vapor extraction area should be prevented | Fracture growth is measured through the deformation of the ground surface | Sand-laden slurry pumped into soil to increase permeability. |
| Marcus Hook, PA John Schuring or Peter Lederman Hazardous Substance Management Research Center(201) 596-5849/ 2457 |
Pneumatic Fracturing | Soil | In situ | In situ | |||
| Laramie Tie Plant, WY | Soil Flushing | Soil | Creosote contamination. Total extractable organics = 93,000 mg/kg | In Situ | In Situ | ||
| EPA Remedial Action Sacramento AD Tank 2 OU, CA 11/91 to 4/93 Marlin Mezquita |
In situ SVE Terra Vac, Inc.,Costa Mesa, CA |
Soil (150 yd3) | Initial
concentration: MEK 15 ppm Ethylbenzene 2,100 ppm PCE 39 ppm Total Xylene 11,000 ppm Cleanup
goal: |
24 hours/day | None | Extracted vapor treated with gas phase carbon adsorption. Entrained (suspended) water treatment by the existing on-site UV-hydrogen peroxide treatment plant | |
| EPA Remedial Action Fair Child Semiconductor San Jose, CA 1989 to 6/90 Helen McKinley |
SVE with air flushing | Soil (2,000,000 yd3) |
Initial
concentration: TCA 670,000 ppb 1,1-DCE 6,400 ppb Freon 113 7,200 ppb Final concentrations unknown Target was 1 ppm |
In situ | Excavation dewatering of soil where leaking UST was discovered | Carbon canister, air stripping for pump and treat | Re-evaluated the remediation in 1994. |
| EPA Remedial Action Hollingsworth Solderless, FL 1/91 to 7/91 John Zimmerman |
SVE/ EBASCO | Soil (60 yd3, down to 7 feet deep) | TCE, vinyl
chloride Target: total VOCs 1 ppm |
In situ | None required | Air emissions vented to atmosphere | Design specifications critical. |
| EPA Remedial Action Verona Wellfield (Thomas Solvent/ Raymond Road), MI 3/88 to 5/92 Margaret Guerriero |
SVE (attempted nitrogen sparging) Terra Vac, Inc. Costa Mesa, CA |
Soil (35,000 yd3, ˝ acre to 18 ft deep) | Initial soil
concentration: TCE 550,000 ppb; PCE 1.8 million ppb; Toluene 730,000 ppb; Xylene 500,000 ppb Criteria in
all post remedial soil samples: |
60 - 160 ft3/min of air Started >4,400 lb/day removed Shut off 6 lb/day removed Total removed: 65,000 lb |
No materials handling; required installing extraction wells | Spent carbon was regenerated (and eventually incinerated) | Initial
estimate of 7,000 lb of VOCs product too low. Treatment
equipment undersized. Needed better quantification of
VOCs in soils to design appropriate size. Plan for enhancing system to deal with saturated soils and free product. |
| EPA
Remedial Action Rocky Mountain Arsenal (OU 18) Interim Response, CO 6/91 to 12/91 Stacey Eriksen |
SVE Woodward Clyde, Denver, CO |
Soil (100 ft radius down to 60 ft; approxi- mately 70,000 yd3) | TCE Initial extracted gas concentration 60 ppm Final extracted gas concentration 2 to 3 ppm |
250 to 300 ft3/ min. of air Total removed 64 lb |
Required installing extraction wells | Vapor phase carbon adsorption | Sampling indicated the presence of TCE mainly in the soil gas samples and not the soil samples. |
| EPA Removal Action Hinson Chemical, SC 12/88 to 3/92 Fred Stroud |
SVE OH Materials Atlanta, GA |
Soil (60,000 yd3, up to 50 ft deep) | Benzene, TCE,
PCE, DCA, MEK At completion: <10 ppm total VOCs (in all samples); average <1 ppm total VOCs |
In situ; continuous operation (except for occasional shut downs to allow soil gas to reach equilibrium in the pore spaces) | No cap needed | Air emissions captured on vapor phase carbon | |
| EPA
Removal Action CSX McCormick Derailment Site, SC Steve
Spurlin |
SVE with air
flushing MWRI |
Soil (200,000 yd3) | BTEX 130,000-gallon spill | Used a system of extraction and injection wells. 1,000 separate PVC wells. Injection wells 7 to 8 feet deep. Extraction wells 2 to 3 feet deep. | Brought in clay to cover the area, to prevent air from infiltrating | Wastewater sent off-site for treatment. Vapors captured and put through a knock out pot and incinerated. | System was successful in decreasing concentration to cleanup goals. Had difficulties because fluctuation of shallow ground water decreased the efficiency, less vapors and more water. |
| Luke
AFB, AZ 11/91 to 5/92 Jerome Stolinsky |
SVE with air
flushing and thermal
oxidation of off-gases Jacobs Engineering |
Soil (35,000 yd3) | VOCs (2-hexanone, 2-butanone, 4-methyl 2 pentanone, BTEX) | In situ down to 100 ft | Removed approxi- mately 11,000 lb of vapors and 4,000 lb of condensate | Off gas vapors were thermally oxidized | TPH were present but were too heavy to volatilize. Would recommend combining SVE with in situ bioremediation to treat contaminants that could not be extracted with the SVE. |
| DOE
Mound Facility, Miamisburg, OH 1997 James Johnson 937-847-5234 james.o.johnson@em.doe.gov |
In situ air
stripping DOE Ohio Sites Technology Coordination Group (STCG) |
Soil | VOCs | In Situ | In Situ | Demonstrated High Vacuum Extraction www.ohio.doe.gov/oh-stcg | |
| Dry
Cleaning Facilities, Hutchinson, KS 1997 Douglas Dreiling 316-941-3921 |
In situ air
stripping Kansas Department of Health and Environment |
Soil | PCE | In Situ | In Situ | “Multi-Site Comparison of Chlorinated Solvent Remediation Using Innovative Technology,” Physical, Chemical, & Thermal Technologies: Remediation of Chlorinated & Recalcitrant Compounds, 1998 (p 247-252) | |
| DOE Demo Savannah River Site, SC 7/90 to 12/90 Brian Loony |
In situ air stripping with horizontal wells | Soil & ground water | TCE & PCE initial concentrations: 5000 ppm; stabilized to 200-300 ppm | In situ (horizontal wells) | One well below water table injects air while shallower well draws vacuum. | Extraction averaged 110 lb of VOCs/day | Works best in sandy soils. |
| Former
Industrial Facility, Sonoma, CA 1998 Christopher Nelson 303-231-8912 cnelson@gtionline.com |
Chemical
Oxidation Fluor Daniel GTI, Inc. 1527 Cole Blvd. Golden, CO 80401 |
Soil | PCP, PAHs | In Situ | In Situ | Field Applications of In Situ Remediation Technologies: Chemical Oxidation EPA 542-R-98-008 (p 22) | |
| U.S.
Army Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, NH 1997 Daniel McKay 603-646-4738 dcmkay@crrel.usace.army.mil |
Chemical
Oxidation U.S. Army CRREL 72 Lyme Rd. Hanover, NH 03755 |
Soil | TCE | In Situ | In Situ | “In Situ Oxidation of Trichloroethylene Using Potassium Permanganate. Part 2: Pilot Study,” in Physical, Chemical, & Thermal Technologies: Remediation of Chlorinated & Recalcitrant Compounds, 1998 | |
| Westinghouse
Savannah River Site, Aiken, SC 1997 Karen M. Jerome 803-725-5223 karen.jerome@srs.gov |
Chemical
Oxidation Westinghouse Savannah River Co |
Soil | TCE, PCE | In Situ | In Situ | Final Report for Demonstration of In Situ Oxidation of DNAPL Using the Geo-Cleanse Technology WSRC-TR--97-00283 | |
| Portsmouth
Gaseous Diffusion Plant, Piketon, OH 1997 Dr. Robert L. Siegrist 303-273-3490 rsiegris@slate.mines.edu |
Chemical
Oxidation Colorado School of Mines Golden, CO |
Soil | TCE | In Situ | In Situ | A Full-Scale Demonstration of In Situ Chemical Oxidation through Recirculation at the X-701B Site ORNL/TM-13556 | |
| Canadian
Forces Base Borden, Ontario, Can 1997 Dr. Neil Thomson 519-885-1211 ext. 2111 nthomson@uwaterloo.ca |
Chemical
Oxidation University of Waterloo Waterloo, Ontario |
Soil | TCE, PCE | In Situ | In Situ | Field Applications of In Situ Remediation Technologies: Chemical Oxidation EPA 542-R-98-008 (p 13) | |
| Air
Force & EPA Demo McClellan AFB, CA 2/93 Joseph Danko |
In situ SVE | Vadose zone soils only | VOCs: TCE, DCE, vinyl chloride, toluene, xylene, & chlorobenzenes in the 100-1,000 ppm range | Vacuum required to pull contaminants to the surface | In situ | Contaminants are treated with a catalytic oxidation unit prior to atmospheric release | Ineffective for removal of semivolatiles and metals. Does not work in saturated zone. |
| Air
Force Demo Hill AFB, UT 12/88 to 10/89 Capt. E.G. Marchand |
In situ soil venting | Unsaturated soils | Fuels and TCE. Fuel residual was <100 ppm | Venting rates varied from 250 to 1,000 ft3/min |
May be necessary to seal surface to air | Transfer of media method, so the waste is not destroyed | Soil venting may provide oxygen for biodegradation. |
| Army Demo Twin Cities AAP, MN 1986 to 1993 Eric Hangeland |
In situ soil venting | Unsaturated soil | VOCs. Removed 400 lb of VOCs/day initially, down to 15 lb/day at end | System had 40 vents and 4 20-hp blowers. Vents averaged 30 ft in depth | May be necessary to seal surface to air | Off gas stream | Noise complaints required evening and weekend shutdown. |
| EPA Demo Superfund Sites Puerto Rico & Massachusetts 1987 to 1988 Mary Stinson |
In situ vacuum extraction | Vadose or unsaturated zone soils | VOCs - gas, fuel, 1,300 lb VOC removed in 56 days, average reduction 90% (clay) to 92% (sand) | 4 extraction wells, ideal permeability 10-4 to 10-8 cm/s, Henry's law >0.0001 | Typically 20-2,500 lb/day of contaminant | Emission control required | Dual extraction of ground water and vapor possible. |
| Army
Demo Luke AFB, AZ 1992 Jerome Stolinsky |
SVE | Soil | BTEX (16, 183, 84, 336 ppm) and TRPH (1,300 ppm) | In situ - two 60-ft extraction wells at 100 scfm | In situ | Carbon air treatment, residual condensate generated at 8 gpd and incinerated | Also can be used to enhance biodegradation. |
| EPA
Demo Buchanan, MI 1992 to 1993 Kim Lisa Kreiton |
Subsurface volatilization & ventilation system (SVVS) | Soil | Organics, fuels | O2, CO2, & microbes monitored | In situ | VOC emissions treated in biofilter if required | Network of injection and extraction wells to enhance biodegradation. |
| DOE
Demo LLNL, CA Mike Gill |
Vacuum induced soil venting | Unsaturated Soil | Gasoline - 99.8% destruction, 100 gal. free product removed | In situ - each well has 5 vents above water table, including 2 above 20-25 inches Hg, 60 ft3/minute | Includes manually adjusted skimming pipe | Thermal oxidation of vapors - 99.8% destruction | Simultaneous vapor/ ground water extraction. |
| Army Demo Sacramento Army Depot, CA 1992 to 1993 Ron Oburn |
Vapor Extraction System | Soil - 200 yd3 | Ethylbenzene, butanone, Xylene, PCE | In situ | To depth of 18 ft | Vapor treated by thermal burner or catalytic oxidation. Entrained water treated off-site | Also can be used to enhance biodegradation. |
| Groveland
Wells Superfund Site Groveland, MA Mary Stinson EPA Technical Support Branch, RREL (908) 321-6683 |
Soil Vapor
Extraction Terra Vac (714) 252-8900 |
Soil | 3-350 ppm TCE Treated to non-detect to 39 ppm TCE |
In situ | In situ | $30 to $75 per metric ton ($30 to $70 per ton) of soil | |
| Letterkenny AD Chambersburg, PA USAEC ETD Bldg. 4435 APG, MD 21010 (410) 671-2054 |
Soil Vapor Extraction | Soil(2,000 yd3) treated. | > 1,000 ppm total VOCs | In Situ | Large-scale (>50 vents) system. | $2M design, install, and operation. | |
| Commence- ment Bay, South Tacoma Channel,
Tacoma, WA Phil Stoa, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Seattle District |
Soil Vapor Extraction with an on-site solvent recovery system | 98,203 cubic yards of soil treated. | 10 to 100
mg/kg of VOC in top soil; 6,200 to 19,000 mg/kg of PCE in
deep soil 571,000 pounds of VOCs in unsaturated zone. |
In Situ | Total Capital Cost: $5,313,973; Annual Operating Cost: $100,000. | ||
| Fairchild
Semiconductor Corporation Superfund Site, San Jose, CA Belinda Wei U.S. EPA Region 9 |
One of the earliest full-scale SVE used in a site with complex hydrogeology | 42,000 cubic yards of soil | Up to 4,500 mg/kg of total solvents in soil. | 39 extraction wells to treat | Capital:
$2,100,000; Total Operating & Maintenance: $1,800,000
for 18 months. $93 per cubic yard soil treated |
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| Hastings
Ground Water Contamination Superfund Site, Well #3
Subsite, Hastings, NE Diane Easley (RPM) U.S. EPA Region 7 |
Full-scale SVE | 185,000 cubic yards of soil. | Up to 1,234 ppm of tetrachloride | 10 extraction wells. | Total cost of $369,628. $2 per cubic yard soil treated. | ||
| SMS
Instruments Superfund Site, Deer Park, NY Abram Miko Fayon Remedial Project Manager U.S. EPA Region 2: (212) 264-4706 |
Full-scale SVE system | 1,250 cubic yards of soil treated. | Up to 1,200
mg/kg for volatiles and 1,800 mg/kg for semivolatiles Treated to: <0.5 mg/kg for volatiles and <5.5 mg/kg for semivolatiles |
Horizontal vapor extraction wells and a process control system. 2 extraction wells | Total cost: $450,521. $360 per cubic yard of soil treated. | ||
| Pottery
Sites, Roseville/ Crooksville, OH 1998 Jim Barthel 303-215-6620 |
In situ
solidification and stabilization Rocky Mountain Remediation Services |
Soil | Pb | In Situ | In situ | Envirobond Soil Amendment [An EPA SITE Program document will be produced.] | |
| EPA
SITE Demo
Hialeah, FL 1988-90 Mary Stinson |
In situ solidification and stabilization | Wet or dry soil, sludge, sediment | PCBs, inorganic and organic compounds | Slurry injection with auger rotating at 15 rpm | Mixing, binding agent is modified for each waste | PCB immobi- lization is likely but not confirmed | Estimated costs $111/ton using a commercial 4 auger unit. |
| Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
R.F. Schumacher |
In situ
vitrification |
Soil | Radioactive Wastes | In situ | Demonstration of In Situ Plasma Vitrification Technology for Savannah River Site Contaminated Soils WSRC-TR-97-0182 | ||
| EPA
Demo Geosafe Test Site, WA; Hanford Nuclear
Reservation, WA, ORNL, TN; INEL, ID 1993 Teri Richardson |
In situ vitrification | Soil & sludge | Organics & inorganics | 1,600-2,000 °C Transmission voltages=12.5 or 13.8 kV |
In situ | Off-gas treatment system removes pollutants (by quenching, scrubbing, heating, filtration) | Organics destroyed; inorganics incorporated in resultant mass. |
| DOE
Demo Hanford Reservation, WA; ORNL, TN 1993 Leo E. Thompson |
In situ vitrification | Soils | Organics, inorganics, & radionuclides | Joule heating through electrodes | In situ | Organics destroyed; inorganics incorporated in resultant mass | Lower
potential risk --contaminants are not brought to the
surface. $300 $450/ton |
| EPA Demo Douglassville, PA 10/87 Paul R. DePercin |
Solidification/ Stabilization: Chemical treatment & immobilization | Soil & sludge | Organic compounds, heavy metals, oil, & grease | In/ex situ. Sediments -- underwater. Batch process at 120 tons/hour | Blending with cement or fly ash, water, and "Chloranan" | Treated material hardens to a concrete-like mass | Reagent formulation can be adjusted to specific contaminant. |