| EPA
Demo National Lead Industry, NJ 10/93 Carolyn Esposito (908) 906-6895 Gary Vaccaro, SAIC (201) 489-5200 |
FORAGER® sponge | Waters | Heavy metals 90% removal Sponge can scavenge metals at ppm or ppb in industrial discharges |
1 bed volume /minute control pH, temp, total ionic content | Open-celled cellulose sponge | Regeneration or incineration of the metals- saturated sponge | In situ directly inserted into well or ex situ. Sponge can scavenge metals in concentrated levels of ppm and ppb from industrial discharges. $340 per 1000 gallons |
| Pease Air Force Base,
Newington, NH Ronald Turner (513) 569-7775 |
Adsorption (Ambersorb® 563 adsorbent) | Ground water | Vinyl Chloride, 1,1-Dichloro- ethene, Trichloroethene | Condensed contaminants are recovered through phase separation | Ambersorb 563 adsorbent has 5 to 10 times the capa city of granular activated carbon (GAC) for low concentrations of volatile organic com-pounds (VOC). | ||
| Superfund Site:
Western Processing, WA (near Seattle) Mark Benjamin, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, (206) 543-7645 |
Adsorption (Adsorptive Filtration) | Ground water | Soluble and particulate Zinc | Adsorptive filtration removes inorganic contaminants (metals) from aqueous waste streams. | |||
| Superfund Site: The Rocky Mountain Arsenal, Operable Unit 17, Comerse City, CO | Sequence of unit processes uncluding precipitation, filtration, UV/chemical oxidation, GAC, air stripping and Adsorption (Activated Alumina) | Wastewater | VOCs:
benzene, toluene, TCE, PCE; Metals: arsenic, chromium, lead. |
Discharge of treated effluent to the sanitary sewer and offsite disposal of sludge and residuals. | Treatment goals meet Colorado Basic Standards for Ground Water (CBSG) and the state MCLS. | ||
| Superfund Site: Valley Wood Preserving, Inc., Turlock, CA | Excavation
and cement-based fixation for contaminated soil. Chemical treatment followed by Adsorption (Activated Alumina) |
Soil and ground water | Chromium and arsenic. | Backfilling excavated area with treated soil. Treated water is reinjected to ground water and/or discharged to percolation ponds. |
Total estimated cost for this remedial action is $3,850,000 with annual O&M cost of $224,000. | ||
| Superfund Site: Motor Wheel, Lansing TWP, MI | Backfilling,
capping, and slurry wall containment for contaminated
soil. Aeration, separation, air stripping, and Adsorption (Activated Alumina) for ground water. |
Soil and groundwater | VOCs:
benzene, PCE, TCE, toluene, and xylenes; Organics: PAHs, PCBs, and pesticides; Metals: arsenic, chromium, and lead |
Activated alumina adsorption process removes fluoride from ground water. | |||
| Superfund Site: Perham Arsenic, Perham, MN | Filtration and Adsorption (Activated Alumina) for ground water on site | Ground water | Arsenic cleanup goal of 50 ppb from up to 1260 ppb in plume. | Discharge of treated effluent to the aquifer; Disposal of alumina filter media and filtered solids |
The overall Present Worth costs are $2,548,776, with the annual O&M costs of $217,806 (year 1 to 6) | ||
| Englin AFB Edward G. Marchand |
Rotary air Stripper- high iron content | Soil & Ground water | >99% removal | ||||
| DOE Demo-
Savannah River Site, SC G.E. Turner, DOE Savannah R. Oper. Office Env. Rest, Aiken, SC |
Full-scale pump and treat using aboveground air stripping. | Ground water | Influent concentrations: up to 48 ppm for TCE, up to 12 ppm for PCE. Average VOC removal efficiencies in air stripper: >99.9% | In Situ | 7 horizontal wells installed; only 2 wells used in field demonstration | Total Capital
Cost: $4,103,000; Total Annual Operating Cost: $149,200. $0.20/1,000 L ($0.75/1,000 gallons) |
|
| Langley AFB, VA Vern Bartels |
Vacuum assisted well point extraction system and aboveground air stripping. | Goundwater | Total Recoverable Petroleum Hydrocarbons: 25 to 4,100 ppb on ground water, >100 ppm in soil. | Total Capital Cost: $569,739; Annual Operating Cost: $216,561 | |||
| McClellan AFB, CA Remedial Project Manager |
Aboveground air stripping. | 660 million gallons of ground water | Estimated 33,000 kg of VOCs released. Influent VOC concentration at 60 ppm | 7 extraction wells were installed. 2 GAC units in series were used to polish liquid phase after stripping. | Effluent below permitted discharge levels. | Total Capital Cost; $4,000,000; Total Annual Operating Cost: $1,240,000. | |
| Army Demo Fort Dix, NJ Steve Maloney |
Catalytic Decontami- nation and Air stripping | Ground water | Reduction: 0% TOC up to 90% VOC |
Ex situ | Ozone injection and stripping | Air stream - treated in catalytic unit and recycled | Metal precipitate clogging and biofouling can occur. |
| Verona Wellfield Battle Creek, MI |
GAC as pretreatment for air stripper. | Ground water | 12,850 ppb TVOC Attained: 11 ppb | ||||
| U.S. Coast Guard Traverse City, MI |
GAC used with Pump/treat | Ground water | 10,329 ppb of Toluene. Attained: < 10 ppb | Discharge to municipal sewer. | |||
| Love Canal Niagara Falls, NY |
GAC system for leachate treatment. | Ground water | 28,000 ppb Benzene. Attained: < 10 ppb | ||||
| Fort Drum, Watertown, NY Remedial Project
Manager |
Air Sparging, Dual Phase Extraction and GAC | Ground water | Full-scale remediation to recover free-phase petroleum product using ground water extraction and air stripping and GAC | 2 recovery wells were installed and 2 GAC drums were used in series. | Total Capital Cost: $958,780; Total annual Operating Cost: $129,440. | ||
| Milan AAP Milan, TN USAEC ETD |
GAC for explosives contaminated ground water. | Ground water | 1.0 - 2.0 mg/L total explosive. Attained: ND (< 10 ppb) for all explosives | ||||
| Amoco Petroleum Pipeline Constantine, MI |
Air Sparging, Dual Phase Extraction and GAC to recover free product and treat ground water. | 775 million gallons of ground water | 300,000 to 2 million gallons of gasoline, fuel oil, and kerosene | In situ air sparging was subsequently added to treat the saturated zone. 4 extraction wells and 30 air sparging wells were installed. 2 GAC vessels in series | 118,000 gallons of free product recovered | Capital Cost:
$297,000 for ground water recovery and treatment,
$375,000 for air sparging. Annual Operating Cost: $475,000 $3 per 1,000 gallons of ground water treated. |
|
| Commen- cement Bay
South Tacoma Channel, Tacoma, WA Kevin Rochlin |
2 liquid-phase GAC | 281.7 million gallons of ground water | Specific VOCs
at influent: 13 to 2,000 µg/L. DCE up to 100 ppb, PCA up to 300 ppb, PCE up to 5.4 ppb, TCE up to 130 ppb. Attained: Specific VOCs at effluent: 1 to 13 µg/L. |
Full-scale application of ground water extraction followed by GAC treatment in conjunction with an SVE system. 7 ground water extraction wells were installed and 2 liquid-phase GAC containers were operated in parallel. | Total cost: $1,343,701 | ||
| EPA Demo Kerr-McGee Chemical Corp., WI 1993 Douglas Grosse |
Ion Exchange: Electro- chemical reduction & immobilization | Ground water | Hexavalent chromium and other heavy metals | In situ requires excess ferrous ions - maintain pH | Electro- chemical reactions generate ions for removal of hexavalent chromium | Clean water is reinjected into ground | Ex situ can be used to maximize rate and removal. |
| Army Demo USACE-WES, MS Mark Bricka |
Ion exchange: Xanthate treatment | Ground water & wastewater | Heavy metals | Ion exchange with xanthated material | Precipitation, sedimen- tation, and filtration | Concentrated metal sludge | Offers many advantages over hydroxide precipitation. |
| EPA Demo Palangana Uranium Mine Site, TX 7/93 Annette Gatchett |
Precipitation/ Filtration | Ground water | Low-moderate levels of NORM (uranium, radium-226, thorium-230) | Complexing, adsorption, and absorption | URAL complexing agent | Treated water to holding pond | |
| Coakley Landfill New Hampshire |
Precipitation: Pretreatment of ground water by hydroxide precipitation with lime, | Ground water | Cr - 330 ppb Ni - 122-200 ppb As - 10-90 ppb Attained: Cr - 50 ppb Ni - 100 ppb As - 50 ppb |
Used air stripping for removal of VOCs | |||
| Stringfellow Acid Pit Site California | Precipitation. | Water | Cr - 1.5-270
ppm Cd - 0.32-9.3 ppm Zn - 2.2-300 ppm Cu - 1.7-20 ppm Attained: Cr - 0.5 ppm Cd - 0.11 ppm Zn - 2.61 ppm Cu - 2 ppm |
Pretreatment for the removal of metals and organics, then POTW | |||
| Winthrop Landfill Winthrop, ME |
Precipitation | Ground water | As - 0.1-0.8
ppm Ni - 0.04 ppm Zn - 0.2-0.6 ppm Attained: As - 0.05 ppm Ni - 0.04 ppm Zn - 0.18 ppm |
Pilot test of metals from the ground water by precipitation | |||
| EPA Removal Action Crown Plating, MO 10/1/89 to 12/31/89 (Removal) Mark Roberts |
Dechlorination using the KPEG process/EPA removal contractor | Liquid (5 gallons) | Criteria: Dioxin: <1 ppb Input: Output: |
Batch operation Retention time - 36 hours (including time of equipment breakdown) Temperature - 72 °C pH - 13 Moisture content - 100% |
Ground water extraction | Built an on-site vacuum for emissions control Contaminated residual oil incinerated off-site |
Three mobile units currently available. Electroplating site. |
| Wastewater
Technology Center John Martin |
Separation | Ground water | VOCs. 99% Removal efficiency | ||||
| EPA & DOE Demo Rocky Flats Facility, CO 7/90 Annette Gatchett |
Separation: Filtration | Ground water 58-95% removal of uranium | "Polishing" filtration process for heavy metals and non-tritium radio-nuclides (NORM, LLRW, TRU). Uranium in ground water influent at filtration system concentration 40-100 mg/L | Specific control - water chemistry, water flux, and bed volume | Sorption, chemical complexing, and hydroxide precipitation | Concentrated waste sludge | Capital -
$150K Operation - $0.40 to $0.53/1,000 L $1.50 -$2.00/1,000 gallons treated. Colloid sorption filter for metals and nontritium radionuclides commercial scale SITE demo. |
| EPA Demo American Creosote Works, FL 1991 Kim Lisa Kreiton (513)
569-7328 EPA RREL |
Membrane Separation | Ground water | PAHs, smaller
phenolics Removal: 90% PAH 80% creosote 25-30% smaller phenolics |
Positive pressure membrane hyper- filtration unit | Clean H2O to POTW, concentrated contami- nants to holding tanks | $228- $1,739/1,000 gallons treated. $500K - $1.2M annual | |
| DOI Demo Birmingham, AL Manassas, VA 1992 Ronald H. Church |
Solid/liquid separation | Wastewater | Solids and fine particulate matter in mining wastes | Feed flow rate in field test unit was 50-175 gpm. Freed material is usually a degradable poly- acrylamide | Pipe delivery system used as mixing system to minimize quantity of feed used. Waste should be in slurry form | The "clean" water can be discharged. Flocculated material becomes solid waste for a landfill | Polymer costs are $0.50-0.60 per ton of dry solids produced when polymer is bought in bulk. |
| DOI Demo Bureau of Mines and USAEC (Cooperative effort) Buffalo, NY Ronald H. Church |
Solid/liquid separation | Wastewater | Suspended particulates from dredging wastes | Waste pumped through a 4-inch line to 1,000-gallon fiberglass mixing tank. 6-inch- by-2-inch static mixer. | Polymer used for flocculation is pumped through a 1-inch line to the mixing tank. | NTU values of the discharge water ranged from 12 to 17, with the underflow discharge containing about 31% solids | Polymer
costs: $0.50/lb when bought in bulk. Focus of DOI/USACE test is removal of suspended particulates from dredging of sediments. |
| EPA SITE Demo Selma Pressure Treating Selma, CA 11/90 Edward Bates |
Pretreatment separation/ Solidification/ Stabilization with silicate compounds | Ground water, soil, sludge | Organics and inorganics | Silicate compounds | Pretreatment separation of coarse and fine materials | PCP leachate concen- trations reduced up to 97%. As, Cr, Cu immobilized | Applied to a wide variety of hazardous soils, sludges, and wastewaters. |
| DOE Integrated
Demo, 4 DOE sites: (1) Hanford (2) Fernald, ID (3) Oak Ridge (4) Savannah River 2/91 Roger Gilchrist |
Separation: USTs, emphasizing the single-shell storage tanks located at the Hanford site | Ground water, soil | Tank waste constituents ranging from Na-nitrates to transuranics, in 3 forms: supernatant (liquid), sludges, and saltcake (which can be as hard as cement) | UST-ID is pursuing technologies in two general areas: characteri- zation /retrieval and separations of low-level waste | Parameters vary among technologies | Parameters vary among technologies | The UST-ID program will be used at Hanford, Fernald, Idaho, Oak Ridge, and Savannah River. Most UST waste was generated by processes used to separate nuclear fuels from other components. |
| DOI, Army, EPA Demo Saginaw Bay Confined Disposal Facility, MI; Toronto, Canada 10/91 to 6/92 S. Jackson Hubbard |
Particle Separation Process | Sediments (30 yd³ day) | PCBs, heavy metals, radionuclides | Contaminant and grain size analysis | Screening, water and chemicals added, attrition scrubbing, particle separation | Output soil, silts, clays, and waste-water | Demo was part of the Assessment and Remediation of Contaminated Sediments (ARCs) Program. |
| EPA Demo Palmerton Zinc Superfund Site, PA 1990 John Martin |
Membrane microfiltration | Liquid wastes | Solid particles in liquid wastes-removal averaged 99.95% for Zn & TSS | Filter press 45 psi Shallow aquifer with dissolved heavy metals |
Tyvek (T-980) spun-bound olefin filter | Filter cake 40-60% solids | Best for
treating waste less than 5,000 ppm. $213K - $549K annual |
| Naval Air Station
North Island, San Diego, CA Ronald Turner (513) 569-7775 |
Separation (Cross-Flow Pervaporation System) | Ground water | Organics, primarily TCE - 98% reduction | TCE influent concentrations - 250 ppm, flow rate - 10 gpm | The ZENON Environmental Inc. cross-flow pervaporation technology is a membrane- based process that removes VOC from aqueous matrices. | ||
| Harris County John Blount (713) 956-3000 |
Trickling Filter (Sprinkler Irrigation) | Wastewater | BOD, TSS | BOD load rate - 45 lbs./day/1000 sq. ft.. Hydraulic load rate - 235 gallons/day/sq. ft.. | Effluents are chlorinated and stored in a pump tank. They are distributed to lawns through an automatic irrigation system. | ||
| Tracey, CA 1992 National Risk Management Research Laboratory (513) 569-7697 |
Photochemical | Ground water | TCE, PCE, DCA | ||||
| Lawrence Livermore
Site 300, CA 1992 Vulcan Peroxidation Systems, Inc. (602) 790-8383 National Risk Management Research Laboratory (513) 569-7697 |
Chemical Oxidation | Ground water | VOCs | ||||
| EPA Demo Coleman- Evans Site, FL Norma
Lewis |
Soil washing/ catalytic ozone oxidation | Soil, sludge, & ground water | Organics - 1-20,000 ppm | Soil washing enhanced by ultrasound followed by oxidation | Soil particles larger than 1 inch are crushed | Carbon filter for off-gas | Excalibur technology. |
| Navy Demo Bangor SUBASE, WA Spring 1993 Carmen LeBron |
Advanced Oxidation Process. Bench-scale TNT and RDX treatability test. Recirculating UV/ozone reactor. 30-minute retention. | Ground water | Beginning
levels: 7 ppm TNT; 600 ppb RDX Ordnance - treated to 2.9 ppb TNT and 0.8 ppb RDX |
Maintain pH. | UV oxidation, H202 to generate hydroxyl radicals | Possible toxic byproducts | Full scale system being designed. |
| Navy Demo U.S. Navy Site, NJ 1991 Andy Law |
Advanced Oxidation Process | Ground water | Organics - TOC 50-100 ppm | Maintain pH | UV oxidation, H202 to generate hydroxyl radicals | Contaminant destruction | |
| Winthrop Superfund
Site, ME Dr. Raymond Machacek |
UV/oxidation | Ground water | Pretreat for iron, then UV/oxidation solvents. 5 ppm DMF. Attained: < 5 ppb | ||||
| Milan AAP Milan, TN USAEC ETD |
UV/oxidation | Ground water | Explosives:
20.0 ppm total explosives Attained: ND (10 ppb) for all explosives |
||||
| Air Force & EPA
Demo Edwards AFB, CA 3/93 Richard Eilers |
UV/oxidation: CAV-OX® Process | Ground water & wastewater | Organics - 96-100% reduction | H2O2 and metal catalysts added if needed | Hydro- dynamic cavitation and UV oxidation | Contaminant destruction | Cannot handle free product or highly turbid streams. |
| EPA Demo Lake Charles Treatment Center, LA Randy
Parker |
PO*WW*ER TM evaporation & catalytic oxidation | Ground water & wastewaters | Volatile & non-volatile organic compounds, salts, metals, volatile inorganics | 0.25 gpm pilot-plant | Evaporation & oxidation | Concentrated contaminant solution disposed of or treated further | $110/1,000 gallons treated. |
| EPA Demo San Jose, CA 3/89 Norma Lewis |
Ultraviolet radiation & oxidation | Ground water | Halogenated hydrocarbons, VOCs, pesticides, PCBs - 99% TCE, 58% 1,1-DCA, 85% 1,1,1-TCA removal | UV,H202 destruction | Tank with air compressor, O3 generator, and H202 feed | Offgas to ozone destruction | 20 commercial systems installed. |
| DOE Demo Kansas City Plant, MO Sidney B.
Garland II |
Ultraviolet radiation, hydrogen peroxide, and ozone | Ground water | TCE concentration above 10,000 µg/L in ground water. >99.5% VOCs were destroyed. | 30% downtime for maintenance and repair | Flow rate has averaged 15% of design rate | Total Capital Cost: $1,383,400; Annual Operating Cost: $355,200. |
Sources: Innovative Treatment Technologies: Annual Status Report ( Eighth and Tenth Editions, Nov. 1996 and Feb. 2001). Innovative Remediation Technologies: Field-Scale Demonstration Projects in North America (1st and 2nd Editions, Aug 1996 and Jun 2000).