TABLE 3-5 COMPLETED PROJECTS: IN SITU PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL TREATMENT FOR SOIL, SEDIMENT, AND SLUDGE



Site Name/
Contact
Technology/
Vendor
Media Treated Contaminants Treated Operating Parameters Materials Handling Residuals Management Comments
Army Demo, U.S. Army Waterways Experiment Station, Baton Rouge Louisiana

Robert Marks, General Manager
Electrokinetics, Inc.
Louisiana Business and Technology Center
Louisiana State University, Suite 155
South Stadium Drive
Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803-6100
504-388-3992
Fax: 504-388-3928

Electro-Klean Electrical Separation

Electrokinetics, Inc.

Soil Lead In situ Conditioning fluids may be added or circulated at the electrodes to enhance the electrochemistry of the process Contaminants are electroplated on the electrodes or separated in a post-treatment unit  
An Underground Storage Tank Spill

Walter Loo
Environmental & Technology Services
2081 15th Street
San Francisco, CA 94114 415-861-0810 Fax: 415-861-3269

Electrokinetic Enhancement with Bioventing/ Environment & Technology Services Soil BTEX Direct current was applied through 56 electrodes installed in the upper clay layer of this 2,400 square foot gasoline contaminated site to move contaminants and water down 15 feet into dense cemented conglomerate sandstone In situ Contaminants were removed from the dense cemented conglomerate sandstone by bioventing Bioventing, enhanced by electrokinetics, reportedly reduced gasoline levels of 100-2,200 ppm to well below the target of 100 ppm after about 90 days at a cost of about $50/ton
Site Name/Contact Technology/ Vendor Media Treated Contaminants Treated Operating Parameters Materials Handling Residuals Management Comments
DOE Demo, Oak Ridge K-25 facility, Tennessee

Henry L. Lomasney
Isotron Corporation
13152 Chef Menteur Highway
New Orleans, LA 70129 504-254-4624 Fax: 504-254-5

Electrokinetic Extraction/ Isotron Corporation Soil Uranium and Organic Contaminants   In situ    
DOE Demo, Sandia
National Laboratories Chemical Waste Landfill

Eric R. Lindgren Sandia National Laboratory
P.O. Box 5800, Mail Stop 0727 Albuquerque, NM 87185 505-844-3820 Fax: 505-844-1480

ElectroKinetic Extraction/ Sandia National Laboratories and Sat-Unsat, Inc. Soil Chromium Soluble chromium concentrations range from 25 to 10,000 ppm with the upper limit at 15 feet below ground surface In situ Contaminants arriving at the electrodes will be removed using a vacuum system  
Site Name/Contact Technology/ Vendor Media Treated Contaminants Treated Operating Parameters Materials Handling Residuals Management Comments
EPA/DOE
Demo
,
DOE Gaseous
Diffusion Plant,
Paducah, Kentucky

Sa Ho or
B. Mason/ Hughes Environmental
Sciences Center
Monsanto Company
St. Louis, MO 63167 314-694-5179/
314-694-1466 Fax: 314-694-1531
Steven J. Bossart
U.S. Department of Energy 304-285-4643

Electrokinetic Separation with Hydraulic Fracturing Soil (Clay) TCE In situ Highly permeable subsurface sorption zones will be created in a vertical configuration by hydraulic fracturing or similar technology followed by the introduction of certain sorbents    
Site Name/Contact Technology/ Vendor Media Treated Contaminants Treated Operating Parameters Materials Handling Residuals Management Comments
DOE Demo, Old TNX Basin, Savanah River Site, South Carolina

Henry L. Lomasney
Isotron Corporation
13152 Chef Menteur Hwy
New Orleans, LA 70129
504-254-4624
Fax: 504-254-5172
Jane P. Bibler
Westinghouse Savannah River Company
803-725-5276

ElectroKinetic Separation/ Isotron Corporation Unsaturated Soil Mercury, Lead, Chrome In situ An Electrosorb® process is used with a patented cylinder to control buffering conditions in situ and an ion exchange polymer matrix called Isolock® to trap metal ions   Preliminary results indicate that at the 5 ppm mercury concentrations found at the site and other conditions, mercury will be difficult to remediate. However, the process is showing good results on lead and chrome.
U.S. Army,firing range, LA
Yalcin Acar, Electrokinetics, Inc. Louisiana State University
Electrokinetics Soil Beginning Levels: Lead 4,500 mg/kg

Levels attained: 300 mg/kg in 30 weeks

       
Site Name/Contact Technology/ Vendor Media Treated Contaminants Treated Operating Parameters Materials Handling Residuals Management Comments
EPA Demo
NJDEPE-ECRA Site, NJ

1992

Uwe Frank
(908) 321-6626
John Liskowitz
(908) 739-6444

Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction & Hot Gas Injection (HGI) Soil & rock VOCs, SVOCs In situ - hot gas @ 200 °F Injection of compressed gas to fracture soil, HGI to strip contaminants Off-gas flow rate increased, concentration remained constant HGI results inconclusive, PCE increased air flow rate 600%.
EPA Demo
Oak Brook, IL & Dayton, OH

1991

Naomi Barkley
(513) 569-7854
Larry Murdock
(513) 569-7897

Hydraulic fracturing and bioremediation Soil Rate of bioremediation increased 75% for BTEX, 77% for TPH In situ Water infiltration into vapor extraction area should be prevented Fracture growth is measured through the deformation of the ground surface Sand-laden slurry pumped into soil to increase permeability.
Marcus Hook, PA

John Schuring or Peter Lederman Hazardous Substance Management Research Center(201) 596-5849/2457

Pneumatic Fracturing Soil   In situ   In situ  
Site Name/Contact Technology/ Vendor Media Treated Contaminants Treated Operating Parameters Materials Handling Residuals Management Comments
Laramie Tie Plant, WY Soil Flushing Soil Creosote contamination. Total extractable organics = 93,000 mg/kg In Situ   In Situ  
Site Name/Contact Technology/ Vendor Media Treated Contaminants Treated Operating Parameters Materials Handling Residuals Management Comments
EPA Remedial Action
Sacramento AD Tank 2 OU, CA

11/91 to 4/93

Marlin Mezquita
(415) 744-2393
George Siller
(916) 557-7418
Dan Oburn
(916) 388-4344

In situ SVE

Terra Vac, Inc.,Costa Mesa, CA

Soil (150 yd3) Initial concentration:
MEK 15 ppm
Ethylbenzene 2,100 ppm
PCE 39 ppm
Total Xylene 11,000 ppm

Cleanup goal:
1.2 ppm MEK6 ppm Ethylbenzene 23 ppm total xylene 0.2 ppm PCE

24 hours/day None Extracted vapor treated with gas phase carbon adsorption. Entrained (suspended) water treatment by the existing on-site UV-hydrogen peroxide treatment plant
 
EPA Remedial Action
Fair Child Semiconductor
San Jose, CA

1989 to 6/90

Helen McKinley
(510) 744-2236
Steve Hill
(510) 286-0433

SVE with air flushing Soil (2,000,000
yd3)
Initial concentration: TCA 670,000 ppb
1,1-DCE 6,400 ppb
Freon 113 7,200 ppb

Final concentrations unknown

Target was 1 ppm

In situ Excavation dewatering of soil where leaking UST was discovered Carbon canister, air stripping for pump and treat Re-evaluated the remediation in 1994.
Site Name/Contact Technology/ Vendor Media Treated Contaminants Treated Operating Parameters Materials Handling Residuals Management Comments
EPA Remedial Action Hollingsworth Solderless, FL

1/91 to 7/91

John Zimmerman
(404) 347-2643

SVE/ EBASCO Soil (60 yd3, down to 7 feet deep) TCE, vinyl chloride

Target: total VOCs 1 ppm

In situ None required Air emissions vented to atmosphere Design specifications critical.
EPA Remedial Action
Verona Wellfield
(Thomas Solvent/
Raymond Road), MI

3/88 to 5/92

Margaret Guerriero
(312) 886-0399

SVE (attempted nitrogen sparging)

Terra Vac, Inc. Costa Mesa, CA

Soil (35,000 yd3, ˝ acre to 18 ft deep) Initial soil concentration:
TCE 550,000 ppb;
PCE 1.8 million ppb; Toluene 730,000 ppb;
Xylene 500,000 ppb

Criteria in all post remedial soil samples:
TCE 60 ppb
PCE 10 ppb
Toluene 15,000 ppb
Total xylenes 6,000 ppb

60 - 160 ft3/min of air

Started >4,400 lb/day removed

Shut off 6 lb/day removed

Total removed: 65,000 lb

No materials handling; required installing extraction wells Spent carbon was regenerated (and eventually incinerated) Initial estimate of 7,000 lb of VOCs product too low. Treatment equipment undersized. Needed better quantification of VOCs in soils to design appropriate size.

Plan for enhancing system to deal with saturated soils and free product.

Site Name/Contact Technology/ Vendor Media Treated Contaminants Treated Operating Parameters Materials Handling Residuals Management Comments
EPA Remedial Action
Rocky Mountain Arsenal (OU 18) Interim Response, CO

6/91 to 12/91

Stacey Eriksen
(303) 294-1083

SVE

Woodward Clyde, Denver, CO

Soil (100 ft radius down to 60 ft; approximately 70,000 yd3) TCE

Initial extracted gas concentration 60 ppm

Final extracted gas concentration 2 to 3 ppm

250 to 300 ft3/ min. of air

Total removed 64 lb

Required installing extraction wells Vapor phase carbon adsorption Sampling indicated the presence of TCE mainly in the soil gas samples and not the soil samples.
EPA Removal Action Hinson Chemical, SC

12/88 to 3/92

Fred Stroud
(404) 347-3136

SVE

OH Materials Atlanta, GA

Soil (60,000 yd3, up to 50 ft deep) Benzene, TCE, PCE, DCA, MEK

At completion: <10 ppm total VOCs (in all samples); average <1 ppm total VOCs

In situ; continuous operation (except for occasional shut downs to allow soil gas to reach equilibrium in the pore spaces) No cap needed Air emissions captured on vapor phase carbon
 
Site Name/Contact Technology/ Vendor Media Treated Contaminants Treated Operating Parameters Materials Handling Residuals Management Comments
EPA Removal Action
CSX McCormick Derailment Site, SC

Steve Spurlin
(404) 347-3931

SVE with air flushing

MWRI

Soil (200,000 yd3) BTEX 130,000-gallon spill Used a system of extraction and injection wells. 1,000 separate PVC wells. Injection wells 7 to 8 feet deep. Extraction wells 2 to 3 feet deep. Brought in clay to cover the area, to prevent air from infiltrating Wastewater sent off-site for treatment. Vapors captured and put through a knock out pot and incinerated. System was successful in decreasing concentration to cleanup goals. Had difficulties because fluctuation of shallow ground water decreased the efficiency, less vapors and more water.
Luke AFB, AZ

11/91 to 5/92

Jerome Stolinsky
(402) 221-7170
Dan McCafferty
(406) 523-1150

SVE with air flushing and thermal oxidation of off-gases

Jacobs Engineering

Soil (35,000 yd3) VOCs (2-hexanone, 2-butanone, 4-methyl 2 pentanone, BTEX) In situ down to 100 ft Removed approximately 11,000 lb of vapors and 4,000 lb of condensate Off gas vapors were thermally oxidized TPH were present but were too heavy to volatilize. Would recommend combining SVE with in situ bioremediation to treat contaminants that could not be extracted with the SVE.
Site Name/Contact Technology/ Vendor Media Treated Contaminants Treated Operating Parameters Materials Handling Residuals Management Comments
DOE Demo
Savannah River Site, SC

7/90 to 12/90

Brian Loony
(803) 725-5181

In situ air stripping with horizontal wells Soil & ground water TCE & PCE initial concentrations: 5000 ppm; stabilized to 200-300 ppm In situ (horizontal wells) One well below water table injects air while shallower well draws vacuum. Extraction averaged 110 lb of VOCs/day Works best in sandy soils.
Air Force & EPA Demo
McClellan AFB, CA

2/93

Joseph Danko
(503) 752-4271

In situ SVE Vadose zone soils only VOCs: TCE, DCE, vinyl chloride, toluene, xylene, & chlorobenzenes in the 100-1,000 ppm range Vacuum required to pull contaminants to the surface In situ Contaminants are treated with a catalytic oxidation unit prior to atmospheric release Ineffective for removal of semivolatiles and metals. Does not work in saturated zone.
Site Name/Contact Technology/ Vendor Media Treated Contaminants Treated Operating Parameters Materials Handling Residuals Management Comments
Air Force Demo
Hill AFB, UT

12/88 to 10/89

Capt. E.G. Marchand
(904) 283-6023

In situ soil venting Unsaturated soils Fuels and TCE. Fuel residual was <100 ppm Venting rates varied from 250 to
1,000 ft3/min
May be necessary to seal surface to air Transfer-of-media method, so the waste is not destroyed Soil venting may provide oxygen for biodegradation.
Army Demo
Twin Cities AAP, MN

1986 to 1993

Eric Hangeland
(410) 671-2054

In situ soil venting Unsaturated soil VOCs. Removed 400 lb of VOCs/day initially, down to 15 lb/day at end System had 40 vents and 4 20-hp blowers. Vents averaged 30 ft in depth May be necessary to seal surface to air Off gas stream Noise complaints required evening and weekend shutdown.
Site Name/Contact Technology/ Vendor Media Treated Contaminants Treated Operating Parameters Materials Handling Residuals Management Comments
EPA Demo
Superfund Sites
Puerto Rico & Massachusetts

1987 to 1988

Mary Stinson
(908) 321-6683
James Malot
(809) 723-9171

In situ vacuum extraction Vadose or unsaturated zone soils VOCs - gas, fuel, 1,300 lb VOC removed in 56 days, average reduction 90% (clay) to 92% (sand) 4 extraction wells, ideal permeability 10-4 to 10-8 cm/s, Henry's law >0.0001 Typically 20-2,500 lb/day of contaminant Emission control required Dual extraction of ground water and vapor possible.
Army Demo
Luke AFB, AZ

1992

Jerome Stolinsky
(402) 221-7170

SVE Soil BTEX (16, 183, 84, 336 ppm) and TRPH (1,300 ppm) In situ - two 60-ft extraction wells at 100 scfm In situ Carbon air treatment, residual condensate generated at 8 gpd and incinerated Also can be used to enhance biodegradation.
Site Name/Contact Technology/ Vendor Media Treated Contaminants Treated Operating Parameters Materials Handling Residuals Management Comments
EPA Demo
Buchanan, MI

1992 to 1993

Kim Lisa Kreiton
(513) 569-7328
Gale Billings
(505) 345-1116

Subsurface volatilization & ventilation system (SVVS) Soil Organics, fuels O2, CO2, & microbes monitored In situ VOC emissions treated in biofilter if required Network of injection and extraction wells to enhance biodegradation.
DOE Demo
LLNL, CA

Mike Gill
(415) 744-2383

Vacuum induced soil venting Unsaturated Soil Gasoline - 99.8% destruction, 100 gal. free product removed In situ - each well has 5 vents above water table, including 2 above 20-25 inches Hg, 60 ft3/minute Includes manually adjusted skimming pipe Thermal oxidation of vapors - 99.8% destruction Simultaneous vapor/ground water extraction.
Site Name/Contact Technology/ Vendor Media Treated Contaminants Treated Operating Parameters Materials Handling Residuals Management Comments
Army Demo
Sacramento Army Depot, CA

1992 to 1993

Ron Oburn
(916) 388-4344
Bob Cox (Terra Vac)

Vapor Extraction System Soil - 200 yd3 Ethylbenzene, butanone, Xylene, PCE In situ To depth of 18 ft Vapor treated by thermal burner or catalytic oxidation. Entrained water treated off-site Also can be used to enhance biodegradation.
Groveland Wells Superfund Site Groveland, MA
Mary Stinson
EPA Technical Support Branch, RREL
(908) 321-6683
Soil Vapor Extraction

Terra Vac (714) 252-8900

Soil 3-350 ppm TCE

Treated to non-detect to 39 ppm TCE

In situ   In situ $30 to $75 per metric ton ($30 to $70 per ton) of soil
Site Name/Contact Technology/ Vendor Media Treated Contaminants Treated Operating Parameters Materials Handling Residuals Management Comments
Letterkenny AD Chambersburg, PA
USAEC ETD
Bldg. 4435
APG, MD 21010
(410) 671-2054
Soil Vapor Extraction Soil(2,000 yd3) treated. > 1,000 ppm total VOCs In Situ Large-scale (>50 vents) system.   $2M design, install, and operation.
Commencement Bay, South Tacoma Channel, Tacoma, WA
Phil Stoa, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Seattle District
Soil Vapor Extraction with an on-site solvent recovery system 98,203 cubic yards of soil treated. 10 to 100 mg/kg of VOC in top soil; 6,200 to 19,000 mg/kg of PCE in deep soil
571,000 pounds of VOCs in unsaturated zone.
In Situ     Total Capital Cost: $5,313,973; Annual Operating Cost: $100,000.
Site Name/Contact Technology/ Vendor Media Treated Contaminants Treated Operating Parameters Materials Handling Residuals Management Comments
Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation Superfund Site, San Jose, CA
Belinda Wei U.S. EPA Region 9
One of the earliest full-scale SVE used in a site with complex hydrogeology 42,000 cubic yards of soil Up to 4,500 mg/kg of total solvents in soil.   39 extraction wells to treat   Capital: $2,100,000; Total Operating & Maintenance: $1,800,000 for 18 months.
$93 per cubic yard soil treated
Hastings Ground Water Contamination Superfund Site, Well #3 Subsite, Hastings, NE
Diane Easley (RPM)
U.S. EPA Region 7
Full-scale SVE 185,000 cubic yards of soil. Up to 1,234 ppm of tetrachloride   10 extraction wells.   Total cost of $369,628. $2 per cubic yard soil treated.
Site Name/Contact Technology/ Vendor Media Treated Contaminants Treated Operating Parameters Materials Handling Residuals Management Comments
SMS Instruments Superfund Site, Deer Park, NY
Abram Miko Fayon
Remedial Project Manager
U.S. EPA Region 2 (212)264-4706
Full-scale SVE system 1,250 cubic yards of soil treated. Up to 1,200 mg/kg for volatiles and 1,800 mg/kg for semivolatiles
Treated to: <0.5 mg/kg for volatiles and <5.5 mg/kg for semivolatiles
  Horizontal vapor extraction wells and a process control system. 2 extraction wells   Total cost: $450,521. $360 per cubic yard of soil treated.
Site Name/Contact Technology/ Vendor Media Treated Contaminants Treated Operating Parameters Materials Handling Residuals Management Comments
EPA SITE Demo
Hialeah, FL
1988-90

Mary Stinson
(908) 321-6683
Jeff Newton
(316) 269-2660

In situ solidification and stabilization Wet or dry soil, sludge, sediment PCBs, inorganic and organic compounds Slurry injection with auger rotating at 15 rpm Mixing, binding agent is modified for each waste PCB immobilization is likely but not confirmed Estimated costs $111/ton using a commercial 4 auger unit.
EPA Demo Geosafe Test Site, WA; Hanford Nuclear Reservation, WA, ORNL, TN; INEL, ID

1993

Teri Richardson
(513) 569-7949
James Hanson
(206) 822-4000

In situ vitrification Soil & sludge Organics & inorganics 1,600-2,000 °C

Transmission voltages=12.5 or 13.8 kV

In situ Off-gas treatment system removes pollutants (by quenching, scrubbing, heating, filtration) Organics destroyed; inorganics incorporated in resultant mass.
Site Name/Contact Technology/ Vendor Media Treated Contaminants Treated Operating Parameters Materials Handling Residuals Management Comments
DOE Demo Hanford Reservation, WA; ORNL, TN

1993

Leo E. Thompson
(509) 376-5150
James E. Hansen
(509) 375-0710

In situ vitrification Soils Organics, inorganics, & radionuclides Joule heating through electrodes In situ Organics destroyed; inorganics incorporated in resultant mass Lower potential risk --contaminants are not brought to the surface.

$300 $450/ton

EPA Demo
Douglassville, PA

10/87

Paul R. DePercin
(513) 569-7797
Ray Funderburk
(903) 545-2002

Solidification/ Stabilization: Chemical treatment & immobilization Soil & sludge Organic compounds, heavy metals, oil, & grease In/ex situ. Sediments -- underwater. Batch process at 120 tons/hour Blending with cement or fly ash, water, and "Chloranan" Treated material hardens to a concrete-like mass Reagent formulation can be adjusted to specific contaminant.

Sources: Innovative Treatment Technologies: Annual Status Report (EPA, Eighth Edition, Nov. 1996). Completed North American Innovative Remediation Technology Demonstration Projects (EPA, Aug.1996)